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Discussion questions:
- What exactly are the differences between Rubashov's Marxist beliefs and the Marxist beliefs practiced by Stalin's henchmen such as Gletkin?
- Consider the role of the man in 402 -- his loyalties are with the monarchies of the 19th century, and he functions as the enemy of both generations of Communists. Why does de develop an affinity with Rubashov?
- Based on this novel, what is the difference between a Marxist view of history and our Western understanding of history?
- After reading this novel, do you think Koestler is an adherent or critic of communism? What makes you think so?
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Some Internet sources:
 Koestler Page
Student Essay from Old Dominion University
Some bibliographic citations
Brief biography
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